Example 1: Microsoft Word 2003 (French version)

Example 2: Microsoft Word 2007 (English version)

Example 3: Open Office 3 Writer (English version)

The notes are in numerical or alphabetical order, but can be of various types as well.  Some of you may want to use roman numbers while others will prefer letters, notably.  This being said, keep in mind that it is better not to include more than one reference per footnote or endnote and that each note is unique, the next one necessarily being an increased number or letter.

The reference in regard to this first footnote must be fully written, with the exact source:

1- Henry Bogdan, La question royale en Hongrie au lendemain de la Première Guerre mondiale, Louvain : Institut de recherches de l'Europe centrale, 1979, p. 24.

Keep in mind that the name of the author is fully included (first name, then the family name) and that the title is written in italics; some university departments will underline the title instead of putting it in italics.  After the title, we must indicate the city where the book was published, the name of the editor, the year it was published and, finally, the page number(s).  When the reference is about a page in particular, you shall include "p." but if it regards several pages, you shall indicate "pp.".

If it is an article, the format is different.

2- M.I. Finley, "The Silent Women of Rome", in Horizon, no 7 (1965), Tuscaloosa, Horizon Publishers, p. 64.

As you can see, the title of the article must appear between quote marks, followed by the name of the journal or review in italics.  We also must indicate the prefix "in" before the name of the latter.  Afterward, we indicate the volume number and/or the date when the article was first published (year, month and day, if it applies), the city where it was published, the name of the publisher and, lastly, we include the page(s) to which the reference is related.

Now, when the reference is repetitive, we can use some predefined terms in order to avoid repeating the full reference over and over again:

3- Ibid., p. 66.

This "Ibid." makes reference to page 66 of Finley's article, "The Silent Women of Rome".

4- Idem.

In this case, the reference is identical to the previous one (footnote 3): same article, same page (p.66).

5- Bogdan, op.cit., p. 45.

For this fifth reference, I use op.cit. (it is a book), because Bogdan was already cited as a footnote or an endnote but not directly in the previous note (footnote 4).  I also must state the page number to which it refers.  If many different Bogdan books were previously included as a footnote or endnote, I would have to indicate the name of the book to avoid any confusion: Bogdan, Histoire des pays de l'Est, p. 59.

6- Finley, loc.cit., p. 25.

Same explanation as for footnote 5, but I used loc.cit. instead, because it is an article.

REGARDING ELECTRONIC REFERENCES ↑

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ↑   eBook Paperback Amazon book    Questions answered in the book click on  - / +  to contract / expand ___________________________________ Question # 1: Positioning of the number  - + F.A.Q. #1 Yes I understand how to write the footnote page but in my paper where do I write the number.  For example: "Predictions about which students will do better academically or socially in which setting are highly fallible (6)".  Does the (6) go after period or before?  Thank you for your help. Sincerely, Stacy. Question # 2: Referencing photos and pictures  - + F.A.Q. #2 Sir, I am doing a poster for an ecology project. My teacher wants the inclusion of footnotes. If I use photos from the newspaper on the poster, do I have to footnote the photos (from what paper, date, photographer, etc.) on the bottom? Thanks for your help. Question # 3: Using a source more than once  - + F.A.Q. #3 When using endnotes, if you use a source more than once but a different page number, how would you document that on the endnotes page? Question # 4: Two footnotes in a single sentence  - + F.A.Q. #4 When you have two footnotes in one sentence, how do you put them in?  At the end of the sentence separated by a comma or where they refer to a fact in the sentence? Question # 5 : Proper reference for the transcription of a conference  - + F.A.Q. #5 Dear Robert, I have been using your web page to guide me to correctly make my quotations for my thesis. There is one quote I have not been able to quote correctly, for it is a tricky one and I can't do anything for making it right. The case is as follows: Georges Banu transcribed, as accurate as possible (in his own words), the conference of Jerzy Grotowski. The text was published in ART/PRESS in Paris in 1987. If you could help me, I would be for ever thankful, for it is of primordial importance for me (and my university) to have all quotations and all rules in perfect order. Thanks for your time. E. Correa Question # 6: Quoting from a website  - + F.A.Q. #6 Robert,   I am trying to quote something said on a website page.  Can you help with this? I am writing a paper on the various personality types, and wanted to add some verbiage about the differences between Keirsey’s definitions and Jung-Myers definitions.   Here is the website: http://www.keirsey.com/pumII/dimensions.html. Thanks... J Have a Great Day!   Vera B., Monterey, CA Question # 7: Footnotes and punctuation marks  - + F.A.Q. #7 Dear Sir: I am attempting to ascertain the concrete rule for the placement of footnotes within certain punctuation marks.  In searching the Internet, I turned up the following in your FAQs on footnotes:   Cf. Question #1: " . . . I understand how to write the footnote page but in my paper where do I write the number.  For example: "Predictions about which students will do better academically or socially in which setting are highly fallible (6)".  Does the (6) go after period or before?  Thank you for your help.  Sincerely, Stacy". Answer: The number must always be included before the period, never after, and must ideally appear at the end of your statement.  Here is an example: " The international comparisons present the main statistical indicators of more than 230 countries and territories, grouped by theme: population and income, labour force and prices, gross domestic product, international trade and investments, education and communication, health "1. Can you please provide me the source for your answer?  We have quite a debate going about this issue in our law office, and we'd like to be able to settle it once and for all. Thank your for your attention to this request. Sincerely, D. Brown Question # 8: Quoting from a dictionary  - + F.A.Q. #8 Dear Mr. Radford, I want to quote the definition of the word 'didaktik' from a German dictionary that wasn't written by any one person. How do I do that? The name of the dictionary is Duden - Das Fremdwörterbuch. The publisher is Dudenverlag and the dictionary was published in 2006. Thanks for your help, Rebecca A. Question # 9: Citing a book written by numerous authors  - + F.A.Q. #9 Dear Mr. Radford, I would like to cite from a book written by six authors, and am not quite sure how. The book is called Medizinische Psychologie, the Authors are G. Sonneck, O. Frischenschlager, M. Hexel, U. Kropiunigg, I. Pucher and M. Schjerve. Publishing company - Facultas in Vienna. Published in 1999.   6th Edition. Chapter 6 in the book is called Arztrolle - Patientenrolle and the author is S. Rossmanith The page I paraphrased is 104. Where on earth do I put in the footnote and reference list? Thank you! Rebecca  Question # 10 : Reference for a scholar's lecture  - + F.A.Q. #10 Our psychology professor has provided us supplementary notes to his lectures to download, which I want to cite. They were written by himself, Markus Ebner, and two colleagues Marion Eckler and Andreas W. Fischer in Vienna 2008, but there's no publisher of course because it's never been published. How must I quote this source? The name of the lecture is "Psychologie für Physiotherapiestudenten". Thanks! Rebecca Question # 11: Numbering and continuation of footnotes  - + F.A.Q. #11 For each page of a document, does the numbering of the footnotes start again at #1, or can it continue?  For example: on page 1 of the document, I have footnotes 1 – 6.   On page 2 of the document, do I start with footnote #7 or start all over at #1? Question # 12: Proper use of the Ibid. terminology  - + F.A.Q. #12 Dear Mr Radford, I would be grateful for information.  Can you put 'Ibid.' at the TOP of a footnote section when referring to a previous book, which full title is immediately placed before this 'Ibid.' but on previous page?  Also, do you use 'Ibid.' to refer to a previous book ONLY or to the WHOLE previous footnote?  There are some situations when I am referring to two different authors (2 books) in one footnote and in the next footnote only to the last author (1 book). Can I then use 'Ibid.' or should I specify that it is only the last book. Thank you for your help. Regards, Ania (Poland) Question # 13: Footnoting a citation from a translated book  - + F.A.Q. #13   Hi there,   Firstly, thanks very much for creating this site. No matter how many guidelines I've received I always seem to come across a situation that isn't dealt with! I'm wondering how to properly footnote a citation from a book that has been translated. For example, I'm quoting from a book originally written in German but translated to English. The book was originally entitled, Altirischen by Rudolf Thurneysen but my copy is called A Grammar of Old Irish, translated by D.A Binchy and Osborn Bergin. I'd greatly appreciate your help.   Regards   A.Ó. Cléirigh Question # 14: Citing the back cover of a book  - + F.A.Q. #14 I have a simple question concerning footnotes; how do I cite the back cover of a book (i.e.: what word do I use instead of the page number)? Hope you can help me! Regards, Tove Question # 15: Footnote regarding an expert author's paragraph  - + F.A.Q. #15 Hello Robert, I am a nascent writer and am working on my footnotes.  In my paper, I have illustrated several viewpoints of experts to make the point that there is no consensus on how and when iron technology began in Africa.  There is so much information to be explained that the viewpoints cannot be explained in a couple of sentences; I need to elaborate for a paragraph or two. My question is... I understand that a footnote is to be placed at the end of a sentence by which that idea came from another source.  But, where do I place the footnote if the idea of the whole paragraph comes from the expert author and how will the reader know the footnote refers to the whole paragraph and not just one sentence? Thank you very much for your response and direction! Joni G. Kansas City, Missouri  Question # 16: History as a field of study  - + F.A.Q. #16 Good day Robert, Next year, I should enter university and I would like to study history but I did not make up my mind yet.  Would it be possible for you to give me some information about history as a field of study?  I also want to thank you for this website... Sonja P. Vancouver, Canada History can open many doors once you'll obtain your degree: many government employers are fond of historians and history leads the way to careers in journalism, education and literature.  In response to your question, here are the main characteristics of history as a field of study.  Best regards and good luck with your future projects! Main characteristics of history ۩   History is partial: the image of the past will always be imperfect; ۩   in history, relativity plays a central role.  Thus, there is no absolute truth: no law allows the forecast of history; ۩   the object of research is the link between men and the past; ۩   history is an instrument which makes it possible to overcome the crises and it is the representation of the continuity which allows theoretical formulations; ۩   and history is a science because of its method: historical criticism.  One can thus stress that history is the most human of all the social sciences, and this, because of its investigation and explanation methodologies; Also answered in the book... * Is the work of the historian different from the work of specialists from other disciplines in social sciences? * Personal qualities which the historian must have to carry out his work * Some methodological parameters in history * Differences between the historical method and the other disciplines in social sciences    Question # 17: Quoting a book's section written by a single author  - + F.A.Q. #17 I am a second year English Studies’ student in the United Kingdom.  I am currently doing an assignment in literature where I want to reference a book by four authors, A.L Le Quesne, George P. Landow, Stefan Collini and Peter Stansky.  The book is entitled Victorian Thinkers with a section by each author on Carlyle, Ruskin, Arnold and Morris.  I need to reference the section concerning Ruskin (written by Landow) as that is the only section I am concerned with.  Do I still quote all four authors of the book (I mean one author and et al.) but then cite the particular chapter by Landow separately? Question # 18: Footnote for a foreword  - + F.A.Q. #18 There is a foreword to the book I would like to quote from.  The foreword is by Keith Thomas and after his name it says “General Editor Past Masters”.  Could you please tell me how to reference this foreword in a footnote? Question # 19: Endnotes' procedure and number of references  - + F.A.Q. #19 I am writing memoirs of World War II events. The first draft of the book is about 200 pages long.  This is my first experience writing a book. Presently I have a total of 7 endnotes in the 6 chapters of the book. I have assigned a number to each endnote and placed the endnote number in superscript position at the end of the sentence where the endnote is applicable.  Because I have only 200 pages, I have placed all the endnotes at the end of the book in numerical order, as they appear in the book. For each endnote, I have listed the author, title, city where the book was published, publisher's name, year of publication and total number of pages, or the specific pages I use for my references. In some cases the endnotes refer to specific pages in a book or publication. In other cases the endnote references the entire book or publication. My questions are: 1. Am I following the correct procedure? 2. If not, can you advise regarding the correct procedure for citing such a small number of references? Harold Question # 20: Footnotes and copyright protected documents  - + F.A.Q. #20 Great website. Thanks!! I have a two-part question. First, if the author is using information from a copyright protected document, does he or she still have to get permission from the publisher even if he or she gives proper attribution through endnotes or footnotes? Secondly, if information is readily available from a number of sources, is it necessary to even use a footnote? As an extreme example, if I wrote "Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C." I would not need an endnote, would I? Thanks. Jim Newport News, VA Question # 21: Footnotes and direct references  - + F.A.Q. #21 If, in the narrative of your works, you make a direct reference to your source such as "In his book Jefferson the President, author Dumas Malone asserts that Thomas Jefferson was blah, blah, blah, etc.", would I still need a footnote?  I am thinking probably so to document publisher, page number, etc. Thank you so much for your time and I appreciate your very detailed answer. Jim Question # 22: Reference for an essay published in a book with multiple authors  - + F.A.Q. #22 How do you cite a reference for an essay when it is published in a book that contains several essays written by different authors? Thanks, Tyrene F.C. Question # 23: Footnotes and official letters  - + F.A.Q. #23 Can you please tell me if it is proper to use footnotes in official letters? In my opinion, footnotes are for stories, articles, reports, reference books, etc., but not for official letters. My supervisor believes otherwise. I don't think we should use footnotes in official letters we send to our clients. I feel that when a special procedure applies to a special group of clients that it would be more appropriate to add a paragraph including the details; not a footnote. I'd really appreciate your input on this. Thank you very much. Judy     COMMENTS FROM VISITORS ↑ Comment # 1:     The following data was submitted via the electronic form on April 26, 2004: "I was looking for a website to explain footnotes to me and yours was the only GOOD one. Thank you! The only bad thing is that annoying menu thing that blocks some of the printing...". Thanks for your kind words.  It is always a pleasure to help people and I'm glad to see you were able to find the information you were looking for on my website.  Regarding the "annoying menu", I took your comment into account and modified the webpage recently.  Hence, visitors should not have any more difficulties printing the information included to this website. Comment # 2: The following data was submitted via the electronic form on February 6, 2005: "Your website is a godsend, thank you so much. Your website is the only good one that actually explains footnotes and endnotes clearly. Can you please get rid of the Menu? It's really annoying and it blocks some of the text". I'm glad to see you were able to find answers to your questions on my website.  I took good note of your remark regarding the infamous "Menu" and, as you can see, I decided to delete it once and for all.  Hence, the visitors shall not have any more problems with it.  I did have technical problems with the comments' form though and had to take it off from the webpage temporarily... This being said, visitors can still reach me by email.   Comment # 3: The following data was submitted via email on February 12, 2005: "Thanks for taking your time to provide information on footnotes.  Your website answered all my questions and was a pleasure to use.  Bonnie".  Comment # 4: The following data was submitted via the electronic form on June 15, 2005: "Thank you so much for rescuing me in a pinch. I have been out of college a long time and needed to help someone with a paper. It was great to be able to go to a website and quickly get the info. Your commentary was also a good read.  Thanks". Comment # 5: The following data was submitted via the electronic form on December 20, 2005: "Dear Mr. Radford, Hello, my name is Rachel. I'm an eigth grader, and I needed to figure out how to use footnotes for my thesis paper. Your website was the only one that clearly answered my questions and thanks to you, my teacher gave me an extra 15 points for using footnotes correctly!!! Thanks again!!! Merci beaucoup!!!". Good day Rachel, Thank you for visiting my website on footnotes and for your good words. I am very happy to know that my examples helped you get more points on your paper :). It is also very pleasant to receive feedback from my website's visitors...   Best regards! Comment # 6: The following data was submitted via email on September 7th, 2008: "Good morning from Ireland,   Go raibh míle maith agat (thank you very much, literally may you have a thousand good things).  Your website and service are fantastic resources for those of us attempting to enter the world of academia!   Tabhair aire   Antóin".   Comment # 7: The following data was submitted via the contact form on October 23rd, 2011: "Thanks for hosting a page dedicated to writing footnotes/endnotes... I agree with several of the other comments here, I'd be so lost without it! You need more praise. :)". From : whitney********@hotmail.com

 

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